Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cloning - Essay Example Regular cloning has been continuing for billions of years. Characteristic cloning happens when a creature duplicates abiogenetically or when two hereditarily indistinguishable twins are delivered by a parting of a prepared egg. For instance, when one takes a come from a sweet potato plant and plant it in the ground, another plant would develop as it flourishes. The new plant can be viewed as a clone as in it is indistinguishable from its parent. Comparative cloning happens in grass, potatoes and onions. This is a method for proliferating plants abiogenetically. People have been utilizing this vegetative method in farming for a huge number of years. The procedure has been useful in situations where blooming and seedling foundation are rare. Another case of characteristic creature cloning is indistinguishable twins. Despite the fact that they are hereditarily unique to their folks, they are normally happening clones of one another. Fake cloning of creatures is presently ordinary in research facilities. The most acclaimed case of creature cloning is Dolly the Sheep, conceived in the UK in 1997 utilizing a strategy called cell moving. Â It could be valuable and useful for us to have the option to clone creatures since they could give additional food and could help discover solutions for infections and further the examination of prescriptions and antibodies. There are numerous reasons with respect to why cloning is significant today, and in the years to come. Most importantly, food lack is progressively turning into a significant worldwide issue. This is because of the appeal on food as the worldwide populace increments significantly (the populace is thought to ascend from 6.5 billion to 9 billion in the following 10 years) this demonstrates food will be a significant angle in forestalling world yearning. By and by, right around 1 billion individuals eat under multiple times each day and roughly beyond words because of starvation. There are different factors, for example, elimination of species that must be considered too, yet

Kenneth Burke’s Dramatism Essay

Life is dramatization; assuming jobs corresponding to others. Enthusiasm for the communication of language and activity. Emblematic Interactionistâ€Language is representative activity. â€Å"Verbal images are significant acts from which thought processes can be inferred (Griffin, p. 329).† â€Å"Human beings†¦are an image making, image utilizing, and image abusing creature (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 69).† A hypothesis of Motivesâ€why do individuals act (especially logically) the manner in which they do? Survey thought processes. Writings/Speeches made by individuals to â€Å"DO SOMETHING.† Can be broke down to figure out what it is they are attempting to do. Recognizes human â€Å"Action† from Animal â€Å"Motion† Activity Motion Done on purpose;Behaviors that are non- willful conduct intentional/non-important for example DramatismïÆ' ª ïÆ' ªAll creatures and items Peoplehave movement ïÆ' ªÃ¯Æ' ª Forms of ThoughtThe investigation of movement is ïÆ' ªmechanism Comprehended through thought processes ïÆ' ª Pentad (device for getting thought processes) Thought process: Linguistic Product of Rhetorical Action Created a Grammar of Motives (â€Å"grammar† importance rules, standards, components, structure and additionally book) Motives are seen by Burke regarding inner wellsprings of activity; yet rather as far as how language and terms are utilized to make activities justifiable. Blame as Motive: blame is a â€Å"all-reason word for any sentiment of strain inside a personâ€anxiety, shame, self-loathing, nauseate, and so forth. (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 70).† We impart to cleanse ourselves of blame. Blame emerges out of language. Three wellsprings of blame: 1. The Negative: Language takes into account rules, ethics, and so on that encompass us and we can’t avoid abusing. 2. The Principle of Perfection: Language permits us to â€Å"imagine† the perfect (should). 3. The Principle of Heirarchy: Structure society with contending class and gathering qualifications We look for recovery (decrease or take out blame) through correspondence/talk/dramatism 1. Humiliation: self-fault 2. Victimage: outside foe is the source 3. Scapegoating: fault other(s) Substance: general nature of a thing Consubstantiation: (shared substance, shared trait) Distinguishing proof: (same as consub) degrees of; cognizant or oblivious; 1) material identificationâ€goods, assets, things 2) optimistic identificationâ€values, thoughts, emotions, perspectives 3) formal identificationâ€form or course of action of act/shows; jobs, customs, and so on. Divisionâ€differences with others (wellspring of blame) PENTAD Apparatus for getting thought processes Act SceneAgent Office Purpose (Hexad: Attitude: postponed or nascent activity) Articulation of thought processes will reply: What was done (act), when or where it was done (scene), who did it (operator), how it was done (organization), and why it was done (reason).

Drug testing in the US army

Medication testing is an incessant object of expert conversation in writing. Much has been composed and said about medication testing and its suggestions for security. A huge number of representatives are certain that obligatory medication testing is an immediate infringement of their privileges. Others accept that medication testing is expected to advance wellbeing and profitability in the workplace.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Drug testing in the US armed force explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Army Drug Testing Program commits troopers and pioneers to be screened for sedate maltreatment in any event once per year. In spite of various moral discussions, medicate testing is fundamental for the lives and prosperity of U.S. warriors and those working in the United States Army. It is basic that those working for the U.S. Armed force breeze through a medication assessment at any rate once per year, to ensure their consistence with the standards and gauges of military execution. Medication testing is a successive object of expert conversation in writing. Notwithstanding the developing ubiquity of medication tests in the working environment, numerous representatives accept that medication testing damages their privileges. Unquestionably, the present condition of medication testing frameworks isn't without contention: â€Å"testing laboratories’ inadequacies can erroneously mark guiltless specialists sedate abusers, finishing their careers† (Zuckerman, 2000, p.A24). This is a piece of the motivation behind why numerous representatives attempt to beat the framework, weakening their pee tests or buying without drug pee and prosthetics on the web (Anonymous, 2001). The United States Army runs a medication testing program, meant to advance a medication free work environment condition and secure military activities from sedate related disappointments. Under the Army Drug Testing Program, each fighter is obl iged to breeze through a medication assessment in any event once per year (ASAP, 2010). The primary objectives of the program are (a) to shield fighters from utilizing and mishandling drugs; (b) to let authorities evaluate the military and security wellness of their officers; and (c) to make an establishment for taking convenient fitting activities as far as those, who show positive test outcomes (ASAP, 2010). Deontological and utilitarian morals legitimize obligatory medication testing in the work environment, including the U.S. Armed force. From the perspective of deontology, tranquilize misuse is an immediate infringement of the security and working environment norms in the military. Subsequently, tranquilize testing doesn't involve protection infringement yet a compelling instrument of distinguishing those, who use and misuse drugs.Advertising Looking for paper on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drug testing reflects military professionals’ endeavoring to follow the standards of value, nonmaleficence, and cooperative attitude. From the utilitarian viewpoint, tranquilize testing improves wellbeing and security in the work environment. This is especially the situation of military experts, who need a calm brain and clear motivation to effectively meet their military targets. Absolutely, tranquilize tests’ deficiencies may prompt capricious outcomes and consider troopers liable for what they never dedicated. The flaws of medication testing involve genuine moral concern. Routine medication tests can be very meddlesome, if others watch the procedure, to ensure that there is no pee test altering (ACLU, 1997). Medication testing may uncover the nearness of different substances and ailments in subjects, which is an immediate infringement of their security (ACLU, 1997). Regardless of these discussions, tranquilize testing in the military is morally and legitimately advocated . The U.S. Armed force was made to shield the nation from outer dangers, however it can turn into a danger to itself as well as other people if officers use and misuse drugs. Military experts are fundamentally the same as pilots, drivers, and crisis salvage pros. They convey a lot of social obligation regarding their demonstrations. Most medication testing inadequacies can be effectively survived: propels in innovation give sufficient chances to improve the medication testing process and the nature of medication testing results. Clinical experts must create sedate testing systems to advance a medication free air in the U.S. Armed force and past. References ACLU. (1997). Security in America: Workplace sedate testing. American Civil Liberties Union. Web. Unknown. (2001). Medication testing: The things individuals will do. The American Salesman, 46(3), 20-23. ASAP. (2010). Medication testing: About the program. Armed force Substance Abuse Program. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Drug testing in the US armed force explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zuckerman, L. (2000). Laborers get more prominent medication test security. New York Times, A24. This article on Drug testing in the US armed force was composed and put together by client Pink Raven to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Valentines Cards by Types of Girlfriends

Valentines Cards by Types of Girlfriends Valentines Day is coming up and you dont recognize what to state to your better half. Shes extraordinary, shes remarkable, however how would you reveal to her that? Here are a few thoughts for how to communicate your affection to a young lady who has any of the accompanying interests. Picture credit: Marvel

Visual rhetoric paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Visual talk paper - Essay Example This should be possible by direct activity - power, dangers, pay-offs, for instance - or it tends to be finished by the utilization of signs, of which the most significant are words in discourse or stating (Kennedy, 3) As we may see, this definition doesn't prohibit the chance of utilizing different kinds of signs than those regularly utilized, the phonetic signs. Despite what might be expected, it suggests the way that talk utilizes in excess of an arrangement of signs. More current methodologies on talk, just as the more extensive meaning of talk as the totality of connotators (Barthes, 38) - connotators being the signifiers of implication that compare to the general philosophy - place the picture at the focal point of an arrangement of signs. Picture is viewed as capable of passing on significance and communicating thoughts just as having an influential capacity. Promoting pictures are the best representation of the subsequent capacity. They don't simply signify, however they have especially to do with the undertone work. A picture indicating a mother and a little kid resting calmly, and a jug of milk on the table close to the bed, is intended to propose that the tranquility of their rest is an aftereffect of their drinking the individual brand of milk that contains all things required both to the grown-up and to the youngster's wellbeing. Furthermore, it is implied, obviously, to convince us purchase the individual brand of milk. ... Craftsmanship has consistently been viewed as in excess of a portrayal of the real world. With its pictures, it's progressively troublesome to be sure to distinguish the message or the significance, yet there is no uncertainty, a message or an importance is available. Truth be told, there is in every case more than one importance joined to a picture and that makes it practically incomprehensible for us to debilitate the translations of a masterpiece. Richard Wendorf's feeling, cited in Defining Visual Rhetorics, is that essayists and painters have consistently been intrigued by the relations that serve to join words and pictures. (Hill and Helmers, 63) More than being distracted with making an association between the composed and the visual work in expressions, scientists in the field of visual talk are worried about demonstrating how crafted by craftsmanship itself conveys meaning.In painting, pictures become the substitution of language. The components of the picture and the manner in which they are put in together in request to make up the work of art might be viewed as like the manner by which words are picked and orchestrated in a sentence or in a book so as to pass on importance or to decide change in the general condition. Just that the significance you find in the canvas is more fluctuated than for the situation when semantic signs are utilized. Ernst Gombrich communicated the accompanying: taking a gander at an image can take a decent arrangement of time, as it includes examining, recalling, envisioning, remedying and affirming impressions. (Hill and Helmers, 65) Along these lines, the watcher's translation gives the importance of the picture. Which means is built or it might be said that it is browsed a wide assortment of dormant implications which are just actuated through the watcher's following up on them. What's more, the significance

Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa

Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa Eating Disorders Treatment Print Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa By Katie Grubiak, RDN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 30, 2019 VeselovaElena/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Avoid Refeeding Syndrome Nutritional Rehabilitation Suggested Meal Guidelines Meal Plan for Success Other Weight Gain Tips Overcoming Challenges View All Back To Top The malnutrition that accompanies anorexia nervosa can negatively impact all systems of the body. Therefore, restoration of weight and nutritional health is an essential component of treatment for anorexia nervosa. Restoring a body malnourished by anorexia nervosa may take many months or even years. Patients with anorexia nervosa should generally be under the care of a treatment team, which commonly includes a medical doctor, a registered dietitian nutritionist, a psychotherapist, and a psychiatrist. Anyone beginning nutritional rehabilitation must be aware of the potentially fatal refeeding syndrome. This article begins with the necessary precautions to avoid this potential side-effect. It then offers strategies for outpatient nutritional rehabilitation, suggested meal plans, additional weight gain strategies, and suggestions for overcoming common challenges to recovery. Avoiding Refeeding Syndrome One potential risk to be considered before beginning nutritional rehabilitation is refeeding syndrome.?? Refeeding syndrome is caused by the rapid refeeding of someone in a state of starvation, usually chronic, and it may be fatal. It is characterized by electrolyte and fluid shifts associated with metabolic abnormalities in malnourished patients undergoing nutritional rehabilitation. How could finally eating after a period of starvation possibly be harmful to the body? Biochemistry tells us that ketone bodies and free fatty acids from the breakdown (catabolism) of muscle and adipose tissue replace glucose as a major energy source in starvation. During refeeding, there is a shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism. The resulting insulin released from the pancreas increases cellular uptake of glucose, phosphate, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and water. The body also shifts into a building (anabolic) state of protein synthesis, which requires more nutrient uptake into the cells.?? The body then is at risk for not having enough of these vital nutrients in the bloodstream. Clinical consequences may include irregular heart rate, congestive heart failure, respiratory failure, coma, seizures, skeletal-muscle weakness, loss of control of body movements, and neurological symptoms.?? To avoid refeeding syndrome, levels of phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and thiamin must be monitored for the first 5 days and every other day for several weeks. Electrocardiogram (EKG) should also be performed. Strict medical oversight is required.?? The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Criteria for Patients advises that there is a significant risk for refeeding syndrome if your starting point is 1,000 or fewer calories per day.?? Refeeding syndrome risk increases greatly with the following: Patients who have one of the following indicators:Body mass index of less than 16Weight loss of more than 15 percent  in the past 3-8 monthsLittle or no nutritional intake for more than 10 daysLow levels of potassium, phosphate, and/or magnesium before refeedingPatients who have two or more of the following indicators:Body mass index of less than 18.5Weight loss of more than 10 percent  in the past 3-6 monthsLittle or no nutritional intake for more than 5 daysHistory of alcohol misuse or drugs, including insulin, chemotherapy, antacids or diuretics?? Additional guidance regarding the prevention of refeeding syndrome is available via the Academy for Eating Disorders Guide to Medical Management.?? Under these conditions, nutritional restoration must go slowly to avoid potential refeeding syndrome. A medical team is necessary including a medical doctor and a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) to calculate, monitor, and increase daily food and fluid intake as well as monitor plasma and urinary electrolytes, plasma glucose, vital functions, and cardiac rhythm before and during refeeding. The remainder of this article is directed towards those who are not at risk for refeeding syndrome and have been medically cleared to begin or continue nutritional rehabilitation on an outpatient basis. Outpatient Nutritional Rehabilitation Recent research has shown that for patients not at risk for refeeding syndrome, more aggressive and faster-refeeding protocols lead to faster recovery and better overall outcomes.?? It is not uncommon for daily caloric needs of people recovering from anorexia to reach 3,000 to 5,000 daily calories for a sufficient one-half pound to two pounds per week weight gain until achieving goal weight. This is especially true for adolescents who are still growing and young adults. Adolescents participating in Family-Based Treatment with parents in charge of nutritional rehabilitation support are usually able to be safely started at an intake of 2,000 to 2,500 calories per day.?? With an outpatient team supporting and monitoring, parents are often encouraged to increase meal plans to 3,000 to 5,000 calories per day for weight restoration. Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for Eating Disorders Overview Parents and patients are often perplexed at such high caloric needs as renourishing progress. Why are they so high? Individuals with anorexia nervosa often become hypermetabolic, which means their metabolism has kicked into high gear as the body tries to rebuild all the tissue lost during starvation. Individuals commonly experience elevated body temperature as energy intake may be converted into heat, rather than solely used to build tissue. This paradoxical symptom makes recovery even harder. Additionally, many patients with anorexia nervosa engage in excessive exercise even despite severe emaciation.?? Such exercise may be hidden and can further undermine attempts at weight gain by increasing calorie expenditure. Exercise is usually not medically advised in the initial stages of nutritional rehabilitation, but patients may need monitoring to prevent it. It is important to note that because increased caloric intake generates significant anxiety in those with anorexia nervosa, achieving these caloric goals may be very challenging even with additional support. However, it is imperative to allow enough caloric intake for the body to fully recover. Weight goals should always be calculated by your medical team. A return of menses in females is critical.?? Again a medical team is advised to calculate your specific individual calorie needs as they shift during the recovery process. Suggested Meal Guidelines If you are consuming more than 1,000 calories per day as your starting point, are not a risk for refeeding syndrome as discussed above, and have been medically cleared to do so, then you may consider beginning nutritional rehabilitation. Please consult with a medical doctor and registered dietitian to tailor recommendations specifically for your body.?? For example, an illustrative nutritional rehabilitation recommendation for a 90-pound patient not at risk for refeeding syndrome could be as follows. Day 1-4: 1,200-1,600 calories/dayDay 5-7: If no weight gain is observed, increase by 400 calories per day to 1,600-2,000 calories/day (If weight gain is occurring you may increase more gradually.)Day 10-14: If weight gain is not reaching 1 to 2 pounds per week, increase daily intake again by 400-500 calories/day to 2,000-2,500Day 15-21: 2,500-3,000 calories/dayDay 20-28: 3,000-3,500 calories/day Remember caloric needs commonly increase as weight is gained. Therefore patients recovering from anorexia nervosa commonly require escalating caloric intake in order to maintain a steady weight gain. For this reason, weekly weigh-ins that record progress is desirable. If and when the rate of weight gain slows or stops, caloric intake must be increased. The Meal Plan Recipe for Success Since a calorie-focused meal plan could be triggering for those recovering from anorexia, it is not necessarily the first choice for registered dietitians to recommend. However, it could be helpful to have an idea of what calorie count to target, especially when reading food labels and menus. A good initial rule of thumb for a basic meal plan is three 500- to 800-calorie meals plus at least three 300-calorie snacks, but only after initial caloric estimates are calculated and monitored and the refeeding syndrome has been ruled out. Again, calorie levels are always a moving target, depending on the  rate of weight gain. The preferred meal plan model for anorexia nervosa recovery is the exchange system. It is often used in hospital, residential and outpatient eating disorder recovery treatment.?? Originally designed for patients with diabetes, the system is versatile in recovery because it takes into consideration macronutrient proportions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) without a direct focus on calories. Calculations often aim to reach 50-60% total calories from carbohydrates, 15-20% from protein, and 30-40% from dietary fat for metabolic efficiency. Each “exchange” (starch, fruit, vegetable, milk, fat, protein/meat) equates to certain food and its portion size. This allows for a focus on balanced food group selection during the meal planning process. However, having a balanced diet may not be as important as increased caloric intake during the weight restoration process. A Registered Dietitian Nutritionist can help calculate and design exchange meal plans taking this all into consideration. An illustrative 3,000-calorie Exchange System Meal Plan for a day might comprise 12 starch, 4 fruit, 4 milk, 5 vegetables, 9 meat, and 7 fat. A daily regimen might divide the exchanges into meals and snacks as follows: Breakfast: 2 Starch, 1 Fat, 2 Meat, 1 Milk, 2 Fruit 2 slices of toast (2 starch exchanges) with 1 tsp. butter (1 fat exchange)2 scrambled eggs (2 meat exchanges) made with 2oz whole milk plus 6oz of whole milk on the side to drink (total-1 milk exchange),4 oz of orange juice 1/2 cup fruit salad (total-2 fruit exchanges) Lunch: 2 Starch, 2 Vegetable, 3 Meat, 2 Fat, 1 Milk Grilled cheese sandwich:  2 slices of bread (2 starch exchanges), 2 tsp butter (2 fat exchanges), 3 slices of cheese (3 meat exchanges)Tomato soup (1 cup tomato soup condensed-2 vegetable exchanges) made with 1 cup whole milk (1 milk exchange) Dinner: 4 Starch, 3 Meat, 3 Fat, 2 Vegetable, 1 Fruit 1 cup cooked pasta (2 starch exchanges)2 pieces garlic toast (2 starch exchanges) 2 tsp butter (2 fat exchanges)3 oz of ground beef or turkey (3 meat exchanges) browned in 1 tsp olive oil (1 fat exchange) ½ cup tomato sauce with ½ cup cooked broccoli (2 vegetable exchange)1 orange (1 fruit exchange) Snack #1: 2 Starch, 1 Milk 1 large muffin (2 starch exchanges)1 cup whole milk (1 milk exchange â€" half half could be added for more calories) Snack #2: 1 Fruit, 1 Milk ½ banana (1 fruit exchange)1 cup whole milk yogurt (1 milk exchange) Snack #3: 1 Meat, 2 Starch, 1 Vegetable, 1 Fat 1 tsp peanut or almond butter (1 meat exchange)2 bread slices (2 starch exchanges)1 cup raw carrots (1 vegetable exchange), 1 oz hummus (1 fat exchange) Other Weight Gain Strategies In order to increase caloric intake to achieve a steady weight gain course, you can always remember some simple tactics:?? Increase the frequency of eating (from three times per day to six times per day)Increase the actual portion sizeIncrease caloric density (add fat while cooking such as oil, butter, cream, cheese which can increase calories without increasing portion size)Cut back on raw fruits and vegetables which can contribute to early fullnessSupplementing with liquid nutrition (Ensure Plus, Boost Plus) providing 350-360 calories per 8 ounces could prove very helpful for caloric density. Liquid nutrition in this form is recommended immediately as a replacement for skipped or unfinished meals or snacks. Overcoming Challenges on the Road to Weight Restoration Since a primary symptom of the disorder is a dietary restriction, what patient with anorexia will willingly eat more? Resistance is common and calls for direct support from loved ones and a team of professionals who can help hold patients accountable to meal plans and weight gain as well as challenge the eating disorder mindset and encourage consumption of fear foods on a daily basis. Vegetarian, low fat, low carb, and non-dairy diets should be discouraged (unless a diagnosed allergy) as they often are a symptom of the disorder and not based on legitimate health concerns. How Manage Negative Thoughts in Disordered Eating Delayed gastric emptying or gastroparesis is common with anorexia nervosa and can contribute to early fullness and bloating.?? This further complicates the renourishing process as eating the required increased intake may be physically uncomfortable. Frequent nutrient-dense meals and snacks that allow for smaller portions without sacrificing calorie content is the key to overcoming this hurdle. Eating disorder recovery teams can help support renourishings physical side effects as well as the psychological resistance to such aspects of recovery. Teams usually include a medical doctor, registered dietitian nutritionist, psychotherapist, and psychiatrist. When searching and building outpatient teams, it is advisable to make sure practitioners have expertise in the treatment of eating disorders. Allowing a loved one to help with accountability and provide recovery support can be extremely powerful in recovery. Family-Based Treatment (FBT or Maudsley) is an evidence-based model designating parents as the primary support for refeeding of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa.?? Other models of treatment that provide family support for adults with anorexia nervosa have been developed as well. Recovery is not a linear process and may be slow. Remember that life stresses and major life changes can possibly activate relapse. Support and re-evaluation of progress and goals are constantly needed. Making peace with food and having restored psychological, emotional, and physical health and well-being are indeed possible.??

Introduction of financial management - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction The literature review is to provide the relevant information regarding the topic through observing, identifying, and gathering from journals which revised from past researchers. In this section, the variables including financial planning/budgeting, savings, investment, gaining financial knowledge, changing overspending habits, debt management, effective personal financial management, and quality of lifestyles. 2.2 Introduction of Financial Management Financial management is the process of managing the financial resources, including budgeting/costing, accounting and financial reporting and risk management (Kautz, 2007; Constant and Kigongon, 2008, p.515). It is handling your financial situation in a responsible manner to achieve the desired goals (Mitchell 2007; Constant, and Kigongon, 2008, p.515). While Shim and Siegel (2000) defined financial management as the process of planning decisions and it involves many interrelated functions such as obtaining and using funds, monitoring performance, and solving current and prospective problems in order to maximize the owners wealth. For Rokiah (2003), financial management included the activities of investment planning, the planning of the usage of cash and debt, insurance planning, tax planning, retirement planning and welfare, and estate planning. According to the official website of KDU Management Development Centre (KMDC), personal financial management is a process of meet an individuals life goals through proper management of the finances and the lifes goal is able to enjoy the future life (www.kmdc.com.my). I conclude that personal financial management as how to manage, planning and using individual finances such as money resources and assets you own to generate and maximize the wealth. 2.3 The Power of Money Pahl (2000) defined money as fungible and any unit of wealth is substitutable for any other things. Money is a medium of exchange of livings and survival, but some of them being victimized by money. Some of them view that money is the exchange for friendship, happiness, power, and status (Yip, 2006). They believe with the available of wealth, they can show their higher status and authority. Wealth is very important in our daily lives. Wealth may not bring much happiness on some person but it did make a big difference between rich and poor person. Every action of our lives involved spending money and it is depends on how to spend it (Nurjehan, 2007). Without money, we may suffer from starving, loss of security, lack of sense of life, and so on. The wealth on an individual is depending on how they view the value of money and the ways they manage their financial affairs. According to Maslow (1954), there are five levels of individual needs which are psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. In the lower level of the pyramid is the basic needs which must be fulfill for each individual before the upper level achieved. All of these needs especially the basic needs required financial support. For example, psychological needs included foods, water, and clothing; safety such as accommodation, daily expenses, and general expenses. Without wealth, we are not able to satisfy these needs. Everyone also wish to be a wealthy person. Research conducted by Ness, Gorton, and Kuznesof (2002) stated that lacking of money is a continual problem happened for students. Attitudes and beliefs of an individual are very crucial because it will bring the impacts of personal finances well being. The attitudes and feelings towards money may integrate into our lives and motivate our behaviors all the time (Penman and McNeill, 2008). Many people underestimate the power of money and suffering lack of money whereas understanding the importance of money will give you extra edge to build into financial success (Yip, 2007). 2.4 Importance of Managing Finance in Effective Ways Nearly all of us have own pocket money but many found out their money fade away without any notice. Students faced the problems of allocating their financial resources to compete the obligation such as accommodation, foods, clothes, course requirement, and leisure (Ness, Gorton, and Kuznesof, 2002). From the official website of Financial Planning Association of Malaysia, Chua said that many peoples allocate their financial resources poorly (www.fpam.org.my). Somebody may save a lot; some prefer collect information before purchasing while some always follow their feelings in managing personal finance (Funfgeld and Wang, 2009). According to Matthewman (2003), a sound financial management need creating and following budget, knowledge, strategic planning, meeting the needs, forecasting future needs and planning for future income. There are only few people able to keep financial record on regular basis and make regular check on their net worth and proper diversification of their assets (Northcott and Doolin, 2000). This is because many peoples ignore the importance of managing their finance as well as their future wealth due to lack of foundation of financial awareness. The increasing in life expectancies, rising health care costs, the state of Social Security, economy pressure on businesses and changes in attitude lead peoples to understand it is crucial to prepare their own finance (James, Leavell, and Maniam, 2002). This is to ensure they have a desired financial support in the future life. This can also help to reduce the stress from financial problems and increase quality of life and happiness of an individual. According to Rokiah (2003), managing finances may ensure a brightly future life because of the humans life expected to increase, medical costs and many cost are also increasing. A good financial management may help in achieving long term financial goals. Rokiah (2003) also said that not only undergraduates which going to work need managing finances, but also the working peoples as well as rich peoples also need manage their finances. No matter how much we earn, manage the financial smartly is always a good alternative because financial management can help to avoid financial distress and growing the wealth in the lifetime. When a person manage their personal financial affairs, they are attempt to achieve a level of financial independence that allows them to meet not only basic human needs, but also the higher level of needs for self-development and self-improvement (Callan and Johnson, 2002). Yee (2009) concluded that as well as the cash flow able to support the expenses and current lifestyle, it may consider as financial independently and free. Garman and Forgue (1997) acknowledged that financial achieve success when pursuing maximum earnings and wealth, efficient consumption, life satisfaction, reaching financial security and accumulating wealth for retirement and estate to leave to heirs. Yee (2009) defined success as when someone achieving complete financial, personal freedom, and control over how you spend your time; while those who have extraordinary wealth but enslaved by money and those earning money but ties entire live with that goal consider not success. The Asian financial crisis in 1997 caused the property market become poor affected by currency depreciation, the flight of foreign capital, financial distress of financial institution, unemployment and unstable economic conditions (Ting, 2006). Malaysia facing recession and lost the economic stream in late 2008 and the growth almost reach the halt (Teng, 2009). The unstable economy forced everyone to manage their personal financial to avoid financial difficulties occurred. 2.5 Financial Planning/Budgeting The official website of Financial Planning Association of Malaysia defined financial planning as the process of meeting the lifes goal through proper management of finances and the goals included buying home, save for childs education, starting business or planning for retirement (www.fpam.org.my). The official website of banking info acknowledged that no matter earn more or less, budgeting and planning the finances smartly is crucial for managing money wisely because this can prevent inaccuracy by always tracking your money spent (www.bankinginfo.com.my). By the way, a good financial planning needs to derive from the knowledge of the individual. According to Butters (2004), a good financial planning is prerequisite for individual psychological needs and it is the foundation to build a sound retirement in the future. A good financial planning included planning your finance by forecasting your income and expenses. It can be forecast from the previous spending pattern, current income, new debt, current assets, etc. After this, try to cut down the expenses which are not necessary and try to spend it in more beneficial ways. Try to control cash flow each month to ensure that the balance is sufficient before the month end. For example, write down monthly income and daily expenses, then set aside the fixed expenses and flexible expenses. If the expenses surpass the income, try to review spending habit by reducing the flexible expenses. Seer (2000) stated that a strategic plan allows you to express a vision by implementing the products and services that meet your specific research needs. Some of the students do not aware of what is their income and expenditure. From the strategic financial planning, you have to assess what you owned and what you owed. According to the official website of credit counseling and debt management agency (AKPK), the financial planning is all about knowing the current situation, where you want to go and how you go there (www.akpk.org.my). To obtain a good financial planning, first have to know the current resources, then set your goals whether it is short term or long term. Assume which level you wish to spend your money and try to prepare a spending plan to achieve the goals. The goals set must be realistic and it is depend on your personal value and lifes value. The values may influence how your financial planning practices. Then try to achieve the goals with most effective and efficient methods. The spending plan does not mean to cut the budget but is note the direction of the spending (www.bankinginfo.com.my). Each time after spending, figure out how you spent the money, where did you spend it and why the money spent in such way. This would encourage you to track your expenses and use the money within the budget. This will forced to spend less than ever and reduce waste. Emojorho (2004) stated that budget is vital to ensure effective financial management and avoid waste of resources. Emojorho (2004) pointed that Ifidon (1999) declared budget is a formal way of preparing statement and allocates all available financial resource. A good budget derived from a good financial planning and controls the cash flow effectively. A budget can be divided into many categories and then estimate the expenses under your budget. Budget is a detail statement to forecast income and expenses expected for some period in the future and also a management tool that control the financial health and force you to be accountable in a structured and objective way (Seer, 2000). We can estimate our budget according to regular expenditure categories which experience from past spending. For examples, the undergraduate budgets have to consider the categories of tuition fees, meals, accommodation, reading materials, transportation, phone bills, entertainment, personal expenses, general expenses and others. Then, they have in mind how much is available to spend and spend it within the budget checklist which are set earlier of each categories to prevent the expenditure exceeded monthly income. Budget checklist is a list to record down the limit amount to be spent for each category. It has to evaluate the performance regularly and adjust it. If the categories are not meaningful in the future or there are new categories added, t hey may shift the categories by adjust or restructure it. In the other way, Linn (2007) argues that budget is not only mean for planning various revenue or control for an administration from spend too much or a process to coordinate many activities, it is also an important technique for setting the organization priorities by allocating scarce resources to official activities. An organization is functional all depends on the planning, control and budget implementation while budget is a plan for the future financial activities of an organization (Caroline, 2005). According to Jones (1998), the research carried out the result of most organization used budget to evaluate performance and aid the control. Jones (1998) researchs result shows that UK hotel operators use budget to motivate managers, and aid long term and short term planning. These statements show that planning and budgeting techniques not only useful for an individual, even the larger organization as well utilizes this technique to operate their activities to be successful. 2.6 Savings Saving enough to pay for the retirement is very important because anything failed later will require this fund to be supported (Edmunds and Potter, 1999). Savings is very important to ensure your future wealth and it also can be used for emergency funds like illness, losing jobs, spoiled stuff and many other else. Savings can also be a beneficial tool to manage your income well. It is also useful in the future purchase such as further education, buying car, house, retirement funds, etc. According to Butters (2004), the registered retirement savings plan is one of the best retirement savings vehicles in Canada. People who have savings find they have secured financial to cover negative consequences of unforeseen events (Funfgeld and Wong, 2009). Hence, always keep on the additional income into savings. Entrepreneurs usually start up their business with personal effort and savings (Gabrielsson, Sasi, and Darling, 2004). The Prime Minister also launched the nation-wide savings program to encourage citizens to cultivate savings habit to prevent they spend it easily (www.duitsaku.com). At the same time as those who control their financial affairs and save regularly may enjoy a greater sense of security (Livingstone and Lunt, 1993; Northcott and Doolin, 2000). However, in todays financial environment, as many as 20 million households show no intention of savings (Richman, 1993; James, Leavell, and Maniam, 2002). This is happened as there are many peoples found out they do not have excessive money to save. Peoples in the early stages of career do not save and favor in spending and borrowing because they assume they are able to get strong earnings in the future (Chien and Devaney, 2001; Loughlin and Szmigin, 2006). Most of them have the idea of enjoying first rather than save for their future. So they used up all their income to cover the expenses. Bedingfield (2005) declared that the starting salaries for graduates would be lower so it is better to save and make more money now. There are students able to accumulate their wealth because they spend on what is necessary and saves the rest of their income. You have to force yourself to save by contribute the percentage of your income for savings. You may break up the percentage like 10% for savings, 30% for meals, 30% for accommodation, 10% for personal expenses, and 20% for general expenses. When you distribute all these categories items well, then you may control your savings habits. Besides, try to save the money in savings account or fixed deposit with bank and reduce the usage of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) card as it is easier to withdraw money to spend and caused lower savings rate. The pocket money book or Buku Wang Saku produced and launched by Bank Negara Malaysia is to assist student in monitoring their spending habits as well as educate students to save and record balance from their pocket money everyday (www.duitsaku.com). HSBC also visits schools and teaching children about the financial options available and encourage them to open junior or teenage account (Bedingfield, 2005). This can motivate the students to save a lot of small sum of money. Do not think that saves small sum of money does not make sense, it may become a huge amount when accumulate it regularly. By saves more money, the consumption will become lesser. 2.7 Investment The rapid growth of the stock market and the growth of the portfolio investments are new motives to widen the income gap (Edmunds and Potter, 1999). Some of the peoples do not wish to manage their money by savings because they think the interests from banks are low. They may want to put it into investment to generate additional income. One of the way to manage the finances are investing and if ones have a good strategy to deal with investment, it will bring much profit (Rokiah, 2003). Investment is a good deal to earn more money no matter it is a small or large-size investment. One of the sources of funds from students is come from investment (Ness, Gorton, and Kuznesof, (2002). When there is surplus cash, then use this money to invest especially during the unstable market and cheap stock price. This may gain the advantage with maximize the value and turn it into a positive investment. Students may also spend any amount to invest which can be afforded by them. Many Canadians have financial advisor to advise them to invest their money into mutual funds, shares, stocks, and bonds (Butters, 2004). This is to ensure their money will be spending in useful way which can gain more return. Most of the millionaires are being rich is because they dare to take the risk to invest and gain the return shortly. The investment risk and expected return have to be concerned to prevent the undesired result occurred in the investment. Do not if unsure about the investment scheme as well as the risk. According to the official website of Amanah Saham National Berhad, investing in unit trust funds only required small amount of money but enjoy the same benefit of other investment in high-price security and can also obtain return (www.asnb.com.my). Thus, it is convenience to invest and can be afforded by undergraduates. According to Huhmann and Bhattacharyya (2005, p.296), mutual funds are one of the most important financial service vehicles for investment and more than $7.4 trillion are invested in mutual funds in USA. It is also an important financial service in developing country such as India, Indonesia and Malaysia (Huhmann and Bhattacharyya, 2004). The growth of the mutual fund industry resulted in increasing of investment companies in offering variety of funds (Ramasamy, Yeung, 2003). Furthermore, investing in insurance is also another way to manage the finances to ensure financial stability and security in the future. It is because insurance may protect against the risk of unexpected financial loss and cover the personal protection such as death, disability, and critical illness (www.bankinginfo.com.my). 2.8 Financial Knowledge Shim and Siegel (2000) stated that financial knowledge assist in planning, problem solving, and decision making. Students covered in indebtedness because they have low level of awareness and knowledge towards their own financial situation (Loughlin and Szmigin, 2006). Some of the peoples do not manage their finances properly because they lack of the knowledge on how to manage it. They do not know how to use their money and they need to learn and understand more about financial management practices. There is only some college students study personal finance and only majority of the primary and secondary schools can acquire financial survival skills (Warwick, Mansfield, 2000). A survey found that most 16-22 years old US high school and college students do not know much about personal finance plus not confident about the knowledge of basic financial matters and less than 40% understand money very well and good in managing their money (Merrick, 1999; Warwick and Mansfield, 2000). In addition, 70% Malaysian felt they average poor to understand money management and personal finances and there is only 10% obtained the information about financial knowledge from financial experts (Triwardhany, 2008). Thus, it is essential to understand the financial products because it may help the students alert in their personal financial management. According to Matthewman (2003), financial management also needs a complete knowledge as Metropolitan Toronto Lawyers Association provides educational opportunities for their members. Without financial knowledge, managers run the risk of making wrong decision because understanding the financial help to raise the awareness which can contribute cost savings and revenue generation (Macaulay and Pringle, 1994). It can make poor financial performance if failed to understand the financial knowledge such as the underestimate the risk. According to Yip (2007), gaining personal financial knowledge is important as get an education on financial knowledge enable you to make good decision with managing money. A person who is interested in financial matters is more likely to have financial knowledge (Funfgeld and Wong, 2009). So, financial education such as money management must be educated since younger age. There are many institution by Bank Negara Malaysia do provide the financial planning education and awareness to schools, university, and national services training centre (Teng, 2009). Those institutions included AKPK (Credit counseling and debt management), FPAM (Financial Planning Association of Malaysia), and many other institutions. Moreover, the official website of Malaysian Investor also provides Cash @ campus program and conduct the seminar to university students for gaining the foundation in financial planning and investing to lead them to the desire financial future (www.min.com.my). In Macaulay and Pringle (1994) research, they developed awareness training for their employees to have more understanding about the importance of financial management, how financial performance is measured, the meaning of profit, importance and means of cost control, and the flow of money. From the training course, they may improve the knowledge on making decision for their financial matters. Rokiah (2003) noticed that the programs of managing finances held by banking and financial institutions received many responses from the public. School Adoption Program is developed in primary and secondary school to provide opportunity to cultivate financial management habit among students and educating students on the basis of financial knowledge (https://www.duitsaku.com). Undergraduates also may obtain financial counseling to be taught the personal money management like how they preserve and manage their money if they have limited knowledge on it. They could also understand their strength and weaknesses in financial management. In addition, the credit counseling and debt management agency (AKPK) has offered financial education programs on basic money management skills as well as tips on how to use credit responsible; and also financial counseling and advice on how to manage your finance wisely from budgeting and money management (https://www.akpk.org.my ). In addition, parents also may influence their child on how to manage their finances. As a parent, they have to set a good example to their child and this would track them towards financial success. Furthermore, emotional education also have to apply by explore the self-motivated of one persons life because it is related to his financial consciousness (Muhamad, 2008). 2.9 Changing overspending habits For the Northcott and Doolin (2000), they think that financial control considers successful when it was associated with security and avoid over-spending. The official website of banking info (www.bankinginfo.com.my) also indicated that the way to manage finances wisely is to assess the spending habits such as determine the warning signal like whether use the savings to pay bills or take old loan to pay bills and do you buy on impulse although could not afford it. According to Chan (2006), advertising encourages the materialism in this society among Hong Kong citizens. In this modern economy, everyone is looking for materialistic with the advanced technology innovations. They prefer to purchase of branded products to show off especially undergraduates. They have a living today concept and easily attract for buying (Laibson, 1997; Funfgeld and Wong, 2009). The spending power of students becomes slightly increasing. Within UK, the facts show that there are 1.9 million students representing a combined spending power of 10 million in a year and 85% in this group mostly in social class categories (Jenkinson, 2000, Ness, Gorton, Kuznesof, 2002). Later aged female teens desired shops in mall because there have specialty stores and can purchase the things without delay when they believe they need it (Taylor and Cosenza, 2002). From these exciting shopping venues, they are able to get the leisured lifestyles and relaxing by shopping behavior. Older Generation Y which aged from 19 to 25 years old represent a significant opportunity for US retailers today due to buying power is strong which exceeding $200 billion annually (Gardyn, 2002; Martin and Turley, 2004). Teenagers from this range of age prefer to try something new and exciting to enjoy their lives. According to Kim (2002), consumers today have increased their needs and they want their needs in more entertaining ways. Many teenagers always involves in impulse buying because they do not understand what are their needs and wants and often access wants more than what they needs. Impulse buying means buying non-essential items. For example: eating food is a need but when you want to eat in a luxury cafe, it becomes a wants. The spending power of college students are approximately $30 billion dollars but around 24% spent in nonessential money (Ring, 1997; Warwick and Mansfield, 2000). So before purchasing, list down the item list which consider to purchase and reconsider whether the things will be useful. Once you know what your needs are, you may spend less. The youth market is more to the brand loyal and brand conscious (Penman and McNeill, 2008). Some of the students bounded with peer pressure and have been brainwashed to think that using branded products such as Nike, Gucci, Guess and other latest and unique stuffs represent their upper standard compare with their friends. Most of the students enjoy experience in university and spending on cars, leisure and not able to control the debt rising. Do not pursuit for something which is beyond the affordability for trying to compare with friends. One of the reasons many students facing insufficient financial support because most of them used all their income to spend (Watts, 2000; Curtis, 2004). Students regarded as a prospective target for current marketing activity and form long term marketing relationship (Ness, Gorton, and Kuznesof). This is because undergraduates have incomes from parents or part-time jobs and like to spend their money to purchase. Teenagers are an attractive market segment because they influence their parents to spend, and they are not only spending currently and will spend more in the future when they have more income (Zollo, 1995; Martin and Bush, 2000; Shohan and Dalakas, 2003). I noticed that most of the students spend easily because they never work hard to earn the income, thats why they do not really understand the value of the money. Research by Der Hovanesian, (1999); Martin and Turley, (2004) found out those undergraduates spend their cash as quickly as they acquire it. Many consumers today often spending everything they make or more than they make and not even realizing their expenditures consistently exceed their income (Warwick and Mansfield, 2000). Besides that, Martin and Turleys research studies (2004) also noted the average college student spends nearly $300 per month by spending for food, personal care and music purchases; entertainment, electronics and the clothing shopping is the top activities. They consume according to their desires and do not motivate themselves for self-control. There are some peoples spending much to purchase but they do not feel happy in their life or only happy for a moment. This may due to what they purchase is not exactly what they desired but it is their attitude and the way they manage their money. Since the money spend in non beneficial way, why dont contribute it by donate to other needed person, this may bring more happiness because helping others may feel more contented. In Northcott and Doolin (2000) indicated that almost all of their interviewees in their research preferred to pay the expenses using direct debits with lump-sum payment as this it could not minimize the costs and no discount is available in the purchasing process. According to Seer (2000), one of the ways to spend less is take advantage of all discount programs offered by publishers. This may include cash discount, discount coupons, free gifts, negotiate the lowest price with the seller when buy more, compare the price among competitors, etc. Some of the cafe, hotel and karaoke have place the birthday discount privilege and offer the student price. Kindly utilize this kind of privilege to reduce the spending amount. There are some peoples shop and buy a lot during the mega sales due to the offer with cheaper prices. Due to they buy a lot of stuffs without considering and end up with larger amount of expenses with the goods which is not worth off. So, use less and reduce the waste. Likewise, prepare a shopping list when shop to make sure buy the things that is needed. 2.10 Debt Management Many young peoples do not willing and unable to control their spending and caused them socialize into borrowing culture (Loughlin and Szmigin, 2006). The official website of Malaysian Investor argues that one of the mistakes of money which have to avoid is spending future money which mean credit card bad debts (www.min.com.my). Besides, the studies of Loughlin and Szmigin (2006) also emphasize the debt arise among students are credit card, debit card, overdraft and student loans. Tsamenyi M. (2005) investigated the Russian Multinational Companys management realized that planning and control is difficult to implement due to the unstable cash flow and they want to minimize their short term debt since they had a lot of short term debts at the time. The debtors indicated that the high level of credit debt is the major reason for causing the personal bankruptcy (Dellande and Saporoschenko, 2004). Credit cards are being used extensively currently. Wardwick and Mansfield (2000) studies found out in this credit card society, Baby Busters grew up with debt because of used the credit freely and the number of peoples filed for personal bankruptcy due to the credit card had increase. Wardwick and Mansfield (2000) also mention there are many undergraduates are acquire big credit balances in school and some graduating even graduates with five figure of credit card debt. Generation Y have been socialize in the debt world rather than savings for their consumption (Ritzer, 1995; Bakewell and Mitchell, 2003). The official website of Treasury Malaysia Ministry of Finance stated that government proposes the service tax of RM 50 a year to be imposed on each principal credit card and charged card as well as RM 25 a year on each supplementary card start from 1 January 2010 for the budget year 2010 because the statistic shows that the number of card used increase from more than two million from year 1997 to 11 million at the end of year 2009, excluding 285, 000 charged card. So they want to reduce the credit card usage to prevent citizens rely much on the credit card (www.treasury.com.my). Curtis and Klapper (2005) studies found out that some students facing financial status and levels of debt problems on their graduation and the main source of debt is the student loan. Most of the undergraduates start to run into the debt such as education loan, credit card debt, and car loan. At the present time, students living with increasing level of debt and borrowing Student Loans for study as well as credit card debts and owed money to friends and relatives (Curtis, 2004). Curtis (2004) also discovered that student loan became the important source of finance for students as they appear to be trapped into accumulating debts. The credit card companies said the target of university students using credit card to support their lifestyles are increasing (Bianco and Bosco, 2002; Penman and McNeill, 2008). Some of the undergraduates might not own their credit card; nevertheless they are holding the supplementary card from their parents, relatives or friends. The used of credit card has expanding in this world and it had contribute to the higher purchasing power because it is used like free money. Everyone can pay the bills without taking out their cash and this caused them to spend more. Even those peoples are able to manage the debts also admit the credit card facilitate bad habits (McGinn, 2001; Dellande and Saporoschenko, 2004). If desire to use the credit card, ensure the amounts used are within the capability of repayment and pay it during the maturity date to avoid the excessive debt full with interest charges. If could not control the credit card usage, debit card may be another better choice to control the money spent. Most of the credit cards holders often hold more than two credit cards at the same time. They apply the card wherever especially in the shopping center because of the gift received and ending with a lot of card and the credit debt. The credit card is a trap to encourage spending. Try to avoid or reduce the usage of credit card and prevent the installment payment to avoid the interest charged for the card usage. Avoid bank overdrafts or borrowing consumption because debt aversion is the key issue in financing decision and credit cards was perceived as a threat to savings objectives due to the high credit limits provide convenience of usage and caused people in debt (Northcott and Doolin, 2000). Student loans are the second most important sources of income for students (Penman and McNeill, 2008). Some of the students even use the balance from education loan (PTPTN) to spend and pay the other unnecessary items when there is insufficient of money and end up with much debt. As a result, their life incurring with debt and they might not be able to repay it. So, try to reduce the debt to increase the wealth and assets because debt brings much negative impact and may cause mental stress. 2.11 Relationship between Effective personal financial management and Quality of lifestyles According to Kucukemiroglu (1999), lifestyles defined as how ones lives and it describes the behavior of individuals in marketing approach and relates how peoples live, how they spend money and time allocation in economic level. Styles of life was created by Alfred Adler refer to the goals that peoples share and the ways they use to reach their goals and this lifestyles are influenced by resources available combined of education, capital and income (Lazer, 1963; Todd, Lawson, and Faris, 1998). Values and lifestyles are psychographic variables that give clearer direction to identify the natural consumer segment and it consists of balance life (Fraj and Martinez, 2006). In addition, Fraj and Martinez (2006) also conclude the effective lifestyles type included free of stress and healthy consumption habits. The attitudes towards lifestyle focus on consumption habits and debt (Penman and McNeill, 2008). Nowadays, everyone is seeking for higher standard of living even the kids. Lifestyle for kids these days are influence by desires created by advertisement, promotion, media, magazines, fashion, and digital device and these stimulus caused them value the money less by exchanging it with entertainment, friendship, and confidence (Yip, 2006). With a sound financial management, it will increase the power of money thus increase the living standard and lifestyle. Yip (2007) claimed that with the money, we can buy wonderful things and experiences such as nice house, good foods, holidays, best education and health care as well as contribute to charity. In the other way, the misuse of money may be misery and lead to arguments and illegal activities. Younger generations like to associate with higher price materials with improved quality and worth compared with older generations and these development steadily increase the importance of having more money (Bakewell and Mitchell, 2003). When it comes to manage personal finances, it related to living standard and savings, investing, purchase insurance and portfolio allocation for protection as well as reducing spending behavior are the ways to smooth, protect and raising high living standard (Teng, 2009). According to Teng (2009), the level of ones living standard will fall if ones performing their assets poorly while maximize the utility direct to achieve the higher standard living. Triwardhany (2008) acknowledged that educating children on how to spend, save, invest, and manage debt wisely and the more important is financial education can help to improve the quality of lives. Financial satisfaction is part and parcel of overall life satisfaction (Sun, Horn, and Merritt, 2004). Consumers from Britain and USA consider themselves manages their finances better thus make them more brand-savvy, travel-oriented, satisfied their lives, financially satisfied and optimistic (Sun, Horn, and Merritt, 2004).

Communication Styles, Skills And Effectiveness - 2427 Words

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Sunflower Nutraceuticals A Companys Efficiency And Its...

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Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1423 Words

Austen uses Pride and Prejudice as a means to express her views on marriage, without being didactic. She frequently satirises views which oppose her own. Austen was a believer that men and women should be more equal. This view was also shared by feminist activist Mary Wollstonecraft, who had once said, â€Å"virtue can only flourish among equal†. However, Wollstonecraft disliked the social hierarchy, whereas Austen respected it and thought whoever was at the â€Å"top†, deserved to be there. Austen believed that marriage should not be a means of climbing this hierarchy she idealised. Although this opposes the social conventions, Austen agrees that elopement should be condemned and accepts that wealth and social standing must be taken into†¦show more content†¦This is made clear by Austen agreeing that Lydia and Wickham’s elopement is unsuitable and irresponsible. She does this by ending Lydia and Wickham’s storyline with â€Å"[Wickham’s] affected for her soon [sinking] into indifference†. The unity of Wickham and Lydia was entirely based on their passion for each other and Lydia’s naà ¯vetà ©. Austen looks down upon their silly antics and therefore â€Å"punishes† Lydia by ruining her marriage to Wickham. We must also acknowledge that if Lydia was not so rash with her marriage and had just waited a few months she would be in higher circles due to both Elizabeth and Jane’s â€Å"good† marriages and therefore would have had a better chance of a successful marriage herself. Also, the way Austen describes Wickham’s affections which had â€Å"sunk into indifference†, expresses how their marriage had once floated and bobbed with life by now it has sunk it is dragging her and her family’s reputation down with it. Her family’s reputation being ruined is also later talked about when Mr Collins says â€Å"that the death of [Lydia] would have been a blessing in c omparison to this†, this view despite being exaggerated makes sense that Lydia’s death would not have brought the same negative attitude as that of her elopement.This strong view that elopement was wrong and should be looked down was one shared by eighteenth society. The norm was for the husband to firstShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. 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Austen tells the story of how Mrs. Bennet (a mother of 5) works tirelessly to get her daughte rsRead MoreJane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 1086 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen, born December 16, 1775, was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction earned her a place as one of the most widely read authors in English literature. Austen’s novels critique the life of the second half of the eighteenth century and are part of the transition to nineteenth-century realism. Though her novels were by no means autobiographical, her fictional characters do shed light on the facts of her life and but more importantly, they offered aspiring writers a model of howRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 Pages Bell 1 Natalie Bell Pedersen English 4 honors 29 February 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. 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Robots, For Our Generation They Are New Invention Of 21St

Robots, for our generation they are new invention of 21st century, but truth is that even in ancient time’s great minds as Leonardo Da Vinci who was thinking to make a robots, which can make our life easier. As proof of people researchers discovered many interesting blueprints of robots, considering that it was 5 centuries ago this is astonishing. This essay will not be about robots that people use in military field or robots that we use in daily life this essay will reveal the field were robots play very big and important role, which is medicine. Nowadays medicine cannot exist without robots thanks to them we can treat many diseases that we thought untreatable or detect and find the ways to fight with new viruses. One man said that†¦show more content†¦The first transatlantic operation was made by surgeons in New York on patient in France. Recent telesurgey robots called remote-controlled da Vinci Robot. Surgeons who operated people using this robots claims that â₠¬Å"Basically, it’s the same as if I were next to the patient, just using telecommunication and robotics. It doesn’t feel different.†, â€Å"It’s the same as if I were sitting in the operating room,† he says. â€Å"I have both my hands on the robot the same way I would have instruments in both hands.† Even surgeon can speak with the nurses with speakers and give them instruction and surgeon can see everything moving robotic camera which makes function of his eyes. Although that telesurgery can change the world there still many issues that must be solved or it can lead to disaster. Poor and internet connection and big distance between surgeon and patient are the most important problems. For example when surgeon Merhan Avari made his 1st telesurgical operation there was a delay of about 175 milliseconds which is imperceptible, but if something interrupts the process we don’t expect robot finish operation in autopilot mode. 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Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(182) " a 3 mmHg decrease in systolic Blood force per unit area would take to an 8 % decrease in stroke mortality rate and a 5 % decrease in mortality rate due to coronary arteria disease\." High blood pressure is a major contributing factor for cardiovascular disease. WHO report ( 2002 ) showed that India may be the largest cardiovascular disease load in the universe by the twelvemonth 2020. WHO report in India 2005 stated that prevalence of high blood pressure was increased by approximately 30 times among urban community people and by approximately 10 times among the rural community people. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many causes might hold contributed to this lifting tendency such as lifestyle alteration, alteration in diet and stress, increased population and unemployment have been implicated. High blood pressure is a â€Å" ignored disease, † harmonizing to a study released by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) . Despite high blood force per unit area being the cause of decease in one of six grownups and the greatest individual hazard factor for decease from cardiovascular disease, 1000000s of people are developing, populating with, and deceasing from high blood pressure. The decennary from 1995 to 2005 saw a 25 % addition in the decease rate from high blood force per unit area, the study notes. The Institute of Medicine study besides highlighted the fiscal barriers to take downing blood force per unit area. Surveies have shown that the cost of medicines to patients is significantly related to patient attachment ; this is particularly apparent in patients with low income, chronic unwellness, and multiple prescriptions. Kalavathy et al. , ( 2000 ) High blood pressure is one of the major community wellness job in India. This one found from several Indian urban and rural studies. More surveies shows a prevalence rate of high blood pressure among urban population runing from 1 % in 1949 to 36 % in 2003 and for rural people from 1.97 % in 1958 to 20.2 % in 1994. Determining the degree of high blood pressure and besides differing age groups representing the survey population so the rates are different. Developed states with a more aging group will be expected to hold a higher prevalence of high blood pressure than a underdeveloped state with a younger group such as India, but some surveies, which have documented a high prevalence rate of high blood pressure in developing states. Few late conducted studies from Western India shows high prevalence of systolic high blood pressure at old age groups ( bulk in age group of 70 old ages ) , among Kerallite 51.8 % from South India and Assamese 63.63 % .Every twelvemonth about 5.3 hundred thousand Indians dice of high blood pressure related coronary disease. It has been found from in a survey Northen india that the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 3.98 % in 1963 to 26.78 % in 2000 among work forces while the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 6.67 % to 27.65 % among adult females. Systolic high blood pressure has been considered to be one of the most of import causes of morbidity and mortality taking to major diseases like shot, cardiovascular and nephritic diseases. Urban survey in India had shown a more per centum of population in the pre high blood pressure phase. Excess competition in academic field is one of the emphasis for the younger people in India and besides unemployment. Number of surveies have already explained that the relationship between Blood force per unit area and hazard of bosom diseases. Pre hypertensives have more opportunity to travel into phases of high blood pressure. Hence it is besides possible that the immature stressed people with prehypertensives degree of blood force per unit areas may be at hazard factor to develop bosom diseases. This survey accent on two demands such as sleep and command blood force per unit area. Adequate slumber is indispensable demands for human existences.The human being needs remainder A ; slumber to conserve energy and good being, prevent weariness, supply organ to reprieve and alleviate tenseness. Sleep want consequence in a lessening in organic structure temperature, a lessening in immune system map. If sleep continues over a longer clip it increases the hazard of more serious wellness jobs such as weakened immune system, diabetes mellitus, depression, high blood force per unit area and fleshiness. There are place remedial steps to better slumber such as utilizing comfort devices, devouring warm milk, reading narrative book and by supplying good airing. Non pharmacological intercessions to take down blood force per unit area There is turning grounds that non pharmacological intercessions lower high blood force per unit area. These intercessions are non dearly-won and are by and large good in advancing good wellness. They besides help in cut downing the cardiovascular hazard factors with a small cost. ( Joyce M. Black ) Indian Medical Association 2001 study â€Å" In pull offing high blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs have of import function, but focal point may be directed towards some lifestyle alterations † . Dietary alteration, physical activities may act upon the minimize of Blood force per unit area. Body weight decrease, less alcohol consumption, limitation of salt and besides K, Ca supplementation can better the procedure of take downing Blood force per unit area. Fiber rich diet either and low Na could cut down the Blood force per unit area by about 5 millimeters Hg among high blood pressure clients. Other than this, behavioural alterations like halt smoke, regular exercisings, relaxation therapies like yoga, etc, have good consequence on high blood pressure clients. The consequence of lifestyle alterations may forestall a demand of drug direction for high blood pressure. For this all hypertensive clients should be tried ab initio one or more of the lifestyle alterations. Gupta 1997 recommends progressive relaxation, deep external respiration exercising and yoga may assist to cut down the blood force per unit area. TK Luqman -Arafath study 2002 shows that the mortality rate from both Ishemic bosom disease and stroke doubles while every 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic rise in Blood force per unit area. In fact, even minimal decrease in Blood force per unit area among the general population could decidedly cut down cardiovascular events. For illustration, a 3 mmHg decrease in systolic Blood force per unit area would take to an 8 % decrease in stroke mortality rate and a 5 % decrease in mortality rate due to coronary arteria disease. You read "Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" There has been increasing of import gives to the preventative steps like regular exercisings, express joying combined with speculation, less ingestion of intoxicant, cut down the consumption of Na and the Dietary alterations to take down the Hypertension rate. Many literatures reveal that laughter therapy helps in cut downing the blood force per unit area. Laughter promises a utile attack to intervention of high blood pressure. Systematic instruction of laughter therapy exert a positive influence on a client with hypertensive reduces blood force per unit area. The Benefits of laughter therapy Laughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising.The laughter therapy has three types, in the first type, one laughs freely and aloud with unfastened oral cavity, in the 2nd type, one laughs without any sound with closed oral cavity and in the 3rd type, one pours out loud effusions of laughter through the pharynx like neighing of Equus caballus. A figure of research surveies reveals that laughter has many wellness benefits. During the thirteenth century Surgeons used wit to deflect patients from hurting entirely. Later, in the twentieth century, came the scientific survey of the consequence of laughter on overall wellness. Harmonizing to Kay Herth ( 1984 ) laughter as a emphasis fellow. Laughter has a built in equilibrating mechanism that encourages two measure action of stimulation and relaxation due to let go of of chemicals adrenaline and nor epinephrine. This reduces anxiousness, tenseness and depression. Therefore, it helps in extenuating several serious diseases such as high blood pressure, bosom disease, diabetes, anxiousness, insomnia etc. Fry states that laughter is a good aerobic exercising. He says that 100 laugh a twenty-four hours is equal to 10 proceedingss rowing or jogging. Berk, Tan, Fry et Al ( 1997 ) reported drawn-out emphasis creates unhealthy physiological alterations and Stress causes the adrenal secretory organs to let go of corticoids and emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. In a survey at Canada ‘s University of Waterloo documented that laughter additions degree of immunoglobulin IgG and IgM and concludes that laughter consequences in improved unsusceptibility. Cognetal ( diary of behavior medical specialty ( 1997 ) has reported the ability of laughter to let go of musculus tenseness and helps to let go of neuropeptides which are organic structure ‘s natural hurting stamp downing agents. Therefore, laughter has multi drawn-out attack for the alleviation of hurting, in painful conditions such as arthritis, spondylitis, etc. Lloyd ( 1990 ) showed that laughter is a combination of deep inspiration and full halitus animating first-class airing and fantastic remainder.Thus laughter additions lung capacity and oxygenation.This would profit patients with lung diseases such as bronchitis, bronchial asthma. The findings of Dr.Lee Berk and Dr.Stanle ( 1999 ) during their more than 10 old ages research on laughter addition the figure of ‘activated ‘ T cells and increases the degrees of gamma interferon, a lymphokine that activates many immune constituents. Need FOR THE STUDY Coronary events such as a â€Å" bosom onslaught † are still the most common consequence of high blood pressure. Increased blood force per unit area is related to increased badness of coronary artery disease, shot, neuropathy, peripheral vascular diseases, aortal aneurism, and bosom failure. About all people with bosom failure have antecedent high blood pressure. If high blood pressure is left untreated, about half of hypertensive clients will decease of bosom disease, a 3rd will decease of shot, and the staying 10 % to 15 % will decease of a nephritic failure. High blood pressure is besides a â€Å" soundless factor † in the etiology of many deceases attributed to stroke or bosom onslaughts. These upseting tendencies indicate the demand for renewed energy in the conflict against high blood pressure. Hypertension related morbidity and mortality will non diminish until suppliers appreciate the demand for alterations in bing intervention protocols.Now chiefly bar focused and strongly urge usage of non pharmaceutical steps to forestall and handle high blood pressure. ( Joyce m.black, 2001 ) Harmonizing to Indian Express Bureau ( 2004 ) one in every 10 Indian suffer from high blood force per unit area.Now a yearss antihypertensive drugs are available to command blood force per unit area.These drugs have their ain side effects and are expensive. Non conformity to medicine is really common among hypertensive patients due to assorted grounds. Antihypertensive medicines entirely can non command blood force per unit area, physiological relaxation is really of import for keeping blood force per unit area. The research worker observed that most of the hypertensive patients had unequal cognition about significance, hazard factors, marks and symptoms sing high blood pressure and its related complications. The hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising, emphasis cut downing activities like yoga and turning away of diet which contains more cholesterin. These patterns are non adopted by bulk of the patients largely because of unknowingness and deficiency of accent by the wellness suppliers. Sushil Bhatia, the editor of Lorvani ( 2004 ) , province that express joying combined with speculation, harmonises all our sense organs in a minute of entire concentration and brings equilibrium to mind, organic structure and external respiration which are like three bases of a rope. Peoples utilizing this therapy experience dramatic alleviation from upsets such as depression, migrane and high blood pressure. American Journal of Medical Science reported that emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. The research worker during her clinical exposure in the community has observed that many older people are enduring from high blood pressure. Some hypertensive people are taking medicines, some are non taking medicine on a regular basis. Those hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising and speculation. Based on the information showed on prevalence of high blood pressure, research worker recognized the demand for learning laughter therapy to the hypertensive people in this selected rural community. Therefore this survey was undertaken to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A survey to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure in a selected rural community at Coimbatore. AIM OF THE STUDY The chief purpose of the survey is to find whether laughter therapy makes a important difference in blood force per unit area and slumber among hypertensive patients in comparing with the non receiving systems of laughter therapy. Specific OBJECTIVES The specific aims of the survey are 1. To find the degree of blood force per unit area in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 2. To find quality of slumber reported by the sample in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 3. To find the association of blood force per unit area and slumber with demographic variables such as business, exercising and diet. Hypothesis H1: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area before and after intercession in experimental group. H2: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area of the experimental and control group after intercession. H3: There will be important difference in average mark of slumber before and after intercession in experimental group. H4: There will be important difference in average sleep mark of the experimental and control group after intercession. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 1. Blood force per unit area It refers to the force per unit area of the blood within the arterias of the organic structure.When the ventricle of bosom contracts, blood is forced out into the aorta and travels through the largest arterias to the smallest arterias, arteriolas and capillaries. The pulsing extends from the bosom through the arterias and disappears in the arteriolas. The pulsing is measured by utilizing a sphygmomanometer and is expressed in millimeter of Hg. a ) Systolic blood force per unit area It is the maximal grade of force per unit area exerted by the blood against the wall of the blood vass during the ventricular contraction when the left ventricle is coercing the blood into the aorta. The first sound is called systolic blood force per unit area. B ) Diastolic blood force per unit area This is the lowest force per unit area that occurs when the bosom is in the resting period merely before the contraction of the left ventricle. The 2nd sound is called diastolic blood force per unit area. 2. High blood pressure It is defined as relentless lift of the systolic blood force per unit area and diastolic blood force per unit area from the normal degree. Normal blood force per unit area: 120/80 millimeter of Hg. 3 STAGES OF HYPERTENSION Systolic blood force per unit area Diastolic blood force per unit area Level of blood 120 – 139mm of Hg. 80 – 89 millimeter of Hg pre high blood pressure 140 – 159 millimeter of Hg 90 – 99 millimeter of Hg phase I hypertension gt ; 160 millimeter of Hg gt ; 100 millimeter of Hg phase II high blood pressure 3. Sleep Sleep is a province of remainder in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes are closed, the musculuss are relaxed and the head is unconscious. The features of slumber can be verbalized by the individual who experiences the slumber. In this survey the self study of slumber is measured on a sleep graduated table. 4. LAUGHTER THERAPY The laughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising which control blood force per unit area by cut downing the release of emphasis related endocrines and brings about relaxation. Premise 1. High blood pressure is more common among grownups than adolescent age group. 2. Blood force per unit area can be kept in control by medicine and lifestyle alteration. 3. Laughter could give alleviation from physical or mental emphasiss. Boundary line 1. The survey is limited to one community. 2. The survey is delimited to patients within the age group of 40 to 60 old ages. Scope OF THE STUDY The degrees of blood force per unit area and slumber are measured in hypertensive patients before and after intervention.If there is a important decrease in the blood force per unit area and positive result in the features of slumber of experimental group of sample, it is a clear effectivity of laughter therapy. Teaching laughter therapy is simple and it can be practiced easy. If the topics are able to execute this therapy without any trouble, this intercession is acceptable, it is clear indicant of the public-service corporation value of laughter therapy for hypertensive patients.The findings will be good to wellness patterns to actuate hypertensive patients and patients on antihypertensive drugs to command and keep their blood force per unit area at normal degree. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual theoretical account can be defined as a set of constructs and those premises that integrate them into a meaningful constellation ( Fewett,1980 ) . The development of a construct was theoretical account is a cardinal procedure required before carry oning existent research.The model influences each province of research procedure. The conceptual model in nursing research can assist to supply a clear concise thought of cognition in the country. Conceptual frame work for this survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on Dorothy.E.Johnson ‘s behavioral system theory ( 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson, nursing positions the person as a set of interrelated or mutualist parts working as an incorporate whole. Johnson identified seven subsystems. The subsystems are affliative, aggressive, dependence, eliminative, ingestive, renewing, and sexual. These subsystems carry out particular map for the system as a whole. Disturbance in any of the system normally affects the other. The stairss of the nursing procedure are incorporated with the Dorothy E. Johnson ‘s theoretical account. Nursing procedure is a deliberate activity where the pattern of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Johnson presents a three measure nursing procedure, the stairss are entitled nursing diagnosing which parallel the appraisal and diagnosing stage, the 2nd measure nursing end peers to the execution and 3rd measure is rating. This survey focused on kids and the dependence system which is one among the subsystems which result in blessing, attending, acknowledgment, and physical a id. Appraisal Appraisal is the procedure of roll uping informations sing each subsystem. Data on demographic profile ( age, instruction, business, income, nutrient and exercising wonts, history of antihypertensive medicines ) was collected. Diagnosis Through appraisal from the subsystem jobs are identified and diagnosing is made and it provides footing for nursing intercession. In this survey the informations collected through observation of blood force per unit area and utilizing interview agenda. The diagnosing is made and categorized into prehypertension, phase I hypertension and stage II high blood pressure. Nursing ends After diagnosing is made the end is to keep or reconstruct the individual ‘s behaviour system balance, and stableness through planning intercessions. In this survey the end is to cut down blood force per unit area and to advance slumber. Intervention Nursing activity is an external regulative force assists the individual to recover equilibrium. In this survey the nursing activity is to learn the laughter therapy techniques to the experimental group for a period of clip to convey alteration in the blood force per unit area and slumber. Evaluation Evaluation refers to look intoing the subsystem identified as debatable for balance and overall system stableness. In this survey the research worker compared the experimental group with the control group by utilizing the observation of blood force per unit area and self report quality of slumber given by sample. Figure -1 Highlights the conceptual model on modified nursing procedure based on Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioural System Model. Bellert, ( 1989 ) . Wit: A Curative Approach in Oncology Nursing. † Cancer Nursing,65-70. Brooks et.al. ( 1999 ) . Curative Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 151-160. Buckwalter et.al. ( 1995 ) . The Humor and Individuality of Persons with high blood pressure. Journal of Gerontology Nursing,11-16. Erdman and Lynn. ( 1993 ) . Laughter Therapy for Patients with Cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 55-67. Ferguson, Stephanie, et. Al. ( 1989 ) . Wit in Nursing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29-34. Galloway. ( 1999 ) . Benefits of Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 301-314. Mallett and Jane. ( 1993 ) . Use of Humor and Laughter in Patient Care. † British Journal of Nursing,172-175. Matz and A. Brown ( 1998 ) , â€Å" Humor and Pain Management. † Journal of Holistic Nursing. : 68-75. ONLINE REFERENCE Enda junkins ( 2007 ) .The power of laughter retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //laughter therapy.webs.com. Gita Suraj Narayan ( 2009 ) .Laughter is a powerful signifier of complementary Medicinretrievedfrom hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146449.php Gasto, R.Lack of slumber linked to increased hazard of high blood pressure.Archives of geriatrics and geriatrics:30 ( 1 ) :7-15.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com. John, tungsten ( 2004 ) .Non-pharmacological intercession of high blood pressure retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.science direct.com/science. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) .Laughter therapy retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //copperwiki.org. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) Laughter Cuts Health Costs retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.averagemiracles.org. How to cite Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples